以生命之名义学习语言

Essay 1:On life

关于生活

Karma and Rebirth

因果和重生

The wheel of life .or“ samsara” ,is an ancient symbol that has thtent kamara .and future kamara e same meaning in Buddhism and Hinduism .It is symbolizes the cycle of birth .life .and death .when one revolution of the wheel is completed .life begins again with rebirth

生命之轮，或“轮回”是一种古老神秘的象征，在印度教和佛教中有着相同的意义。象征着从出生，活着到死亡的轮回。一个轮回的结束，生命又以重生的方式再次开始。

What is karam?

何为因果

Karma is a Sanskrit word that literally means “action” the word is used to refer to volitional acts as well as the forces that arise from these acts .the idea of karma had existed in ancrent Indian philosophy before the time of Siddhartha Gautama ,and it became an important element of Buddhist philosophy

因果在梵语中的字面意思为“行为”，它指日常行为以及源于这些行为所带来的力量。因果思维早于释加莫尼时代已经存在于古印度的哲学体系中了。它已经成为佛学哲学体系中的一个重要因素了。

The Hindu and Buddhist concepts of karma are quite similar.although Hinduism makes a further distinction between different types of karma .such as present kamara ,latent karma,and future kamara.ln the understanding of both thought systems, the law of kamara describes the connection between  actions and the resulting forces ,as follows: wholesome actions lead to wholesome states while unwholesome actions lead to unwholesome states.individually as collectively .

印度教和佛教中有关因果的理念是十分相似的，尽管印度教对于各种不同的因果类型进行了更深入的区别，象目前因果，潜在因果，和未来因果等等。在两个思维体系的理解中，因果法则阐明了行为和结果的力量，比如，健全的行为导致健全的状况，然而，非健全的行为导致非健全状况。每个人及团体均是如此。

The ethical dimension

道德伦理方面

To make this more intelligible ,one has to account for (un)wholesome actions and (un)wholesome atates and their respective meaning in Buddhism .The former is outlined in the Noble Eightfold Path ,Action spring from volition .which springs from intention ,which springs from thought ,and so forth.The quality of action can be described in ethical terms, simply as either good  or bad ,or both good and bad ,or indifferent 。

为了能清晰的加以领悟，我们必须说明（非）健全的行为的意思和（非）健全行为的带来的状况以及在佛教中分别的意义。前者是八正道（注：正见、正心、正语、正业、正命、正精进、正念、正定等）的轮廓，行为源于意念，目的，思维等等，有品质的行为可以用道德伦理的术语来描述，简单的说是好的或坏的中的一种，或者介于好坏之间，或是中立的。

There are various grades of ethical qualities ;and most people have an intuitive understanding that enables them to discern between good and bad ,although the discerning ability depends on the person’s state of mental development , A wise person at a high level of mental development can clearly discern mental  activities and actions in an ethical dimension ,while a deluded person has difficulties or is even unable to do so.

有多种等级的所谓有品质的道德伦理，大多数人与生具来可以凭直觉区别好的还是坏的，尽管如此,这种区别能力的大小决定了人的心智发展的好坏与否。一个有智慧的人有着高水平的心智发展，这使得他能清楚的区别在道德方面的心智活动和行为，然而愚蠢的人会难以甚至不能够加以区别。

Good and bad vs.skilful and unskillful

好的和坏的，熟练和非熟练

Wherever the three defilements-delusion ,greed and aversion are present ,they blur the view and increase the level of confusion in the individual or group ,Consequently if the defilements are present ,there is a low level of skill in distinguishing between good and bad actions ,Thus it makes sence to say that we have skilful (good) and unskillful (bad)thoughts,we speak skilful (good)and unskillful(bad)words,and we act either in a skilful (good) or in an unskiful (bad) way .

无论在何处都存在三种干扰---迷惑，贪欲和憎恨，它们会模糊了我们的观点，增加个人和团体的困惑，因而，如果这种因素存在的话，会降低我们区别好与坏的行为的判断水准，有道理讲我们先有好的和坏的思考，再有好的和坏的言语，最后让我们的行为向好的和坏的方面发展。

The Buddhist Precepts and the Ten Perfectiona give concrete meaning to good and bad and explain skilful and unskillful volitional acts in detail .Since everything in Buddhism is interrelated the Eightfold Path must be seen in connection ,with the Four Noble Truths,the concept of karma ,and the tenet of rebirth,

在佛教伦理和十戒中，具体阐述了好与坏以及熟练和非熟练意志的行为。自佛教的一切事物都是有关联的，八正道和四真谛（注：苦谛，集谛，灭谛，道谛）、轮回的观念及重生的理念必然是相互关联的。

Moral quality of volitional acts determines karma

日常行为的道德伦理品质决定了因果

The law of karma states that there is a connection between the moral quality ,the level of skill in volitional actions ,and the resulting states ,what we are is determined largely by what we thought ,said and did in the past .while what we are thinking ,saying ,and doing now will from our future ,The karma of past ,present ,and future avents are connected by the law of cause and effect.

因果状态取决于道德伦理的品质和日常行为意志的熟练水平，我们在做决定时很大程度上取决于我们的思维，言语，及过去的经验。我们的所思，所想，所做构成了我们的未来。过去因果，现在因果，未来因果都和原因和结果有关。

For instance ,if one generates bad karma by hurting or killing sentient beings ,one will have to endure the negative consequences of these deeds in this or another ,lifetime ,similary ,if one generates good karma by observing the precepts ,positive ,consequences will follow inevitably .

例如，如果产生了坏的因果源自于伤害或杀害一个存在的个体，那么他这一生或来生必须忍受这一行为带来的负面结果。同样对于戒律的思考必然能带来积极的结果，产生好的因果。

Buddhists understand karma as a natural law .There is no higher instance ,no judgement ,no divine intervention ,and no goda that steer man’s destiny ,but only the law of karama itself ,which work on a global time frame .Deed ,yield consequences either in the next second ,in the next hours ,day ,mouth , year ,decade ,or even in the nextlifetime ,or in anther distant lifetime ,To illustrate  this ,consider the following example describing a sequence of vontional  acts ,which yield instant karmaic results :

佛教释全了因果是一种自然法则，不是高不可攀的存在，不是一种评价，不是神圣的干涉，不是上帝统治人的命运，仅仅是这因果法则的本身作用于所有的方面。行为产生结果，或者在下一秒，在下一个小时，下一天，下一个月，明年，未来十年，或在遥远的来生。概念之一，请参考下列的例子所描述的一系列日常行为所产生的结果，这是一种直接性的因果结果。